Kazakhstan gained independence from the Soviet Union on December 16, 1991. Since then, it has undergone a remarkable transformation from a Soviet satellite republic to an independent nation with a growing economy and an increasingly global presence. President Nursultan Nazarbayev, who led the country for nearly three decades, played a crucial role in consolidating state institutions and promoting economic development.
 

Tajikistan declared independence from the Soviet Union on September 9, 1991. The post-Soviet era in Tajikistan was marked by instability and conflicts, including a civil war in the early 1990s. Transitioning from a planned to a market economy, alongside ethnic and regional tensions, posed significant challenges. Nevertheless, Tajikistan has made progress in stabilizing its political situation and promoting economic development.

Uzbekistan declared independence from the Soviet Union on August 31, 1991. Under the leadership of Islam Karimov, Uzbekistan experienced a long period of political stability, often enforced through authoritarian methods. After Karimov's death in 2016, his successor, President Shavkat Mirziyoyev, initiated reforms to liberalize the economy, improve human rights, and strengthen foreign relations. These steps have led to some degree of openness and the potential for closer regional cooperation.